Evaluation of the Periodontal Inflammatory Effect on Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate: A Clinical Study.

Context: The link between oral infections and systemic disease is a well-proven hypothesis in the current literature. This relationship is the result of interaction between periodontal microbe that triggers inflammatory processes leading to the secretion of cytokines and other mediators of inflammation resulting in the systemic effects of pathogenesis. Materials and Methods: In this study, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), probing pocket depth, plaque index, gingival index, and the parameters were assessed initially and 1 month after scaling and root planing (SRP). Statistical Analysis Used: The paired t-test and the Pearson correlation were needed to examine and compare measured data. Results: The data from the study reveal that all the clinical parameters like the plaque index, the gingival index, and the probing pocket depth were statistically significantly reduced after 1 month of SRP with respect to baseline. While ESR mean value was also reduced, that is, 3.27 ± 1.24 mm/hr which was also considered statistically significant. Conclusions: The findings from the study showed a positive correlation between periodontal inflammation and ESR.

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in nanoparticulate form improves physical and biological performance of scaffolds.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are natural polyesters produced by microorganisms as a source of intracellular energy reserves. Due to their desirable material characteristics, these polymers have been thoroughly investigated for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. A tissue engineering scaffold serves as a substitute of the native extracellular matrix (ECM) and plays a crucial role in tissue regeneration by providing temporary support for cells during natural ECM formation. In this study, porous, biodegradable scaffolds were prepared using native polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and PHB in nanoparticulate form using salt leaching method, to investigate the differences in the physicochemical properties such as crystallinity, hydrophobicity, surface morphology, roughness, and surface area and biological properties of the prepared scaffolds. As per the BET analysis, PHB nanoparticles-based (PHBN) scaffolds presented a significant difference in the surface area as compare to PHB scaffolds. PHBN scaffolds showed decreased crystallinity and improved mechanical strength as compared to PHB scaffolds. Thermogravimetry analysis shows delayed degradation of PHBN scaffolds. An examination of Vero cell lines' cell viability and adhesion over time revealed enhanced performance of PHBN scaffolds. Our research suggests that scaffold made of PHB nanoparticles could serve as a superior material for tissue engineering applications than its native form.

Fabricated polyhydroxyalkanoates blend scaffolds enhance cell viability and cell proliferation.

For tissue engineering applications, cell adhesion and proliferation are crucial factors, and blending polymers is one of the most effective ways to create a biocompatible scaffold with desired properties. In order to create new potential porous, biodegradable scaffolds using salt leaching technique, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were blended in different ratios. SEM, BET, FTIR, and water contact angle measurements were used to analyze the scaffolds' porous surface, surface area, and roughness, chemical interaction, and hydrophilicity. Additionally, a hemolysis assay revealed that the mixtures were hemocompatible and had no impact on red blood cells. Different cells- Vero, Hela and MDBK cell lines cultured on the porous mats of these biopolymeric scaffolds exhibited significant increase in cell viability and attachment over time. The overall finding was that blended scaffolds exhibited reduced crystallinity, diverse porosity, higher surface area and hydrophilicity, and better cell viability, proliferation and adhesion. Our findings imply that a blended scaffold could be more suitable for use in tissue engineering applications.

Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics: Conventional Concepts and Future with Nanotechnology.

Anti-inflammatory therapies currently in use mainly include steroidal and non-steroidal drugs. Contrary to their side effects, the steroid hormones glucocorticoids, which are synthetic versions of natural cortisol, are nevertheless often employed to treat a variety of inflammatory disorders. Other drug class of choice is non-steroidal drugs which mainly target COX-2 and hence the synthesis of prostaglandins, particularly PGE2. To cure both the short-term effects of chronic inflammatory disorders and the long-term symptoms of acute inflammation, pharmaceutical chemists are in continuous search for more potent and less toxic agents. Apart from these two drug classes, phytochemicals are gaining the attention of researchers as source of alternative antiinflammatory agents. However, every drug class has its own advantages or disadvantages thus requiring intervention of newer approaches. Currently, drugs used for anti-inflammatory therapies are costly with low efficacy, high health risk, and socio-economic impact due to the concern issue of their toxicity. Recently, nano-drug delivery system has been experiencing main interest as a new approach for targeting therapeutic agents to the target sites in a controlled, sustained manner and has various advantages as compared to the conventional drug delivery system like, increased solubility, bioavailability, improved pharmacokinetic profile of drugs, surface area and rate of dissolution and additionally, overcomes the problems related to hydrophobicity, toxicity. Present review summarized the intervention of nanotechnology to overcome the limitations/ risk associated with current anti-inflammatory drugs of different classes.

Clinicoradiographic Evaluation of Long-term Efficacy and Risk Factors Associated with Dental Implants used for Full Mouth Rehabilitation.

Background: Despite various complications and failure factors, newer implants are designed that allow placement in sub-optimal conditions to allow the operator to place implants at sites with low bone quality. These newer designs also allow improved stability with higher survival rates in the short term. Aims: The present study was undertaken to evaluate long-term efficacy and risk factors associated with dental implant placement for full mouth rehabilitation. Materials and Methods: In 24 subjects, 438 implants were placed. The data collected were surgical and were retrospectively analyzed. The data collected included medical history, local, patient satisfaction, marginal bone loss, and systemic risk factors affecting implant survival. Outcome variables assessed were peri-implantitis, implant success, and survival at the follow-up visit. The data were expressed in terms of percentage and number, and the results were derived. Results: Peri-implantitis was seen in 31.05% (n = 136) of implants. 76.02% (n = 333) of implants were considered successful at recall. Concerning survival, compromised and satisfactory survival was shown by 10.04% (n = 44) and 2.96% (n = 13) of implants, respectively. 10.95% (n = 48) of implants were considered as failures. Conclusion: The present study concludes that good, long-term survival rates are associated with full mouth rehabilitation using dental implants.

Clinical Assessment of the Bone Width Following Lateral Ridge Expansion in Augmentation of Narrow Alveolar Ridges for Placing Immediate Dental Implants.

Background: Less residual alveolar bone at extraction site at esthetic and functional tooth position is the main limitation in placing a dental implant, especially at long-span edentulous ridges. This needs ridge augmentation. Aims: To assess bone width gain and implant stability following narrow ridge augmentation using the vertical ridge split technique. Materials and Methods: In 22 subjects within the age group of 20-60 years and the mean age of 38.46 years. The vertical ridge split technique was done in all subjects for horizontal ridge augmentation. Paraesthesia, pain/discomfort, mobility, and radiographic crestal bone width were assessed 6 months postoperatively. The data were described as mean and standard deviation along with number and percentage. Paired t-test was also used keeping the level of significance at P < 0.05. Results: Implant stability was seen in 86.36% (n = 19) study subjects and were not stable in 13.63% (n = 3) subjects. Bone width preoperatively was in the range of 3.1-4.4 mm with the mean value of 3.64 ± 0.41. Postoperatively, the bone width increased and was in the range of 5.2-6.3 mm with the mean value of 5.62 ± 0.45 mm. This increase postoperatively was statistically significant with a P value of <0.001. Conclusion: The present study concludes that acceptable success results are seen using the ridge split technique with simultaneous dental implants placement in both atrophic maxilla and mandible.

Impact of COVID-19 first wave on the in-hospital length of stay of operated proximal femur fracture patients in an industrial hospital in Eastern India.

Objective: The objective of this article is to study the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic first wave on the in-hospital length of stay of operated proximal femur fractures. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of data collected through the electronic record system of the hospital, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, was done. The data were collected from the pre-pandemic, early part first wave and later part first wave of COVID-19 pandemic to calculate the average preoperative stay (POS) and total length of stay (LOS) of operated proximal femur fracture patients. Also, a sub-analysis of POS and LOS was done as per age (male/female), sex (<60/≥60 years) and fracture subtype (intertrochanteric, neck of femur and subtrochanteric fracture) of the patients to study if any of these had a significant direct impact on the POS and LOS. Results: The LOS and POS were found to be significantly increased during early part of first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in comparison to the pre-pandemic era (13.6 ± 7.7 days vs. 11.1 ± 5.7 days). The later part of the first wave of the pandemic however saw the LOS and POS to return to near pre-pandemic values, although still remaining higher. Conclusion: The study highlights that unpreparedness during the early part of the unprecedented pandemic event leads to a significant increase in LOS of operated patients with its associated implications; however, prompt action by the government, hospital administration and hospital staff the LOS could be reduced to near pre-pandemic values in the later part of the first wave of the pandemic. Analysis of the causes that lead to a significant increase in LOS can help for better future management of similar events in future.

Scaffolds the backbone of tissue engineering: Advancements in use of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA).

Our body is built to heal from inside out naturally but wide-ranging medical conditions necessitate the need for artificial assistance, and therefore, something that can assist the body to heal wounds and damaged tissues quickly and efficiently is of utmost importance. Tissue engineering technology helps to regenerate new tissue to replace the diseased or injured one. The technology uses biodegradable porous three-dimensional scaffolds for mimicking the structure and functions of the natural extracellular matrix. The material and design of scaffolds are critical areas of biomaterial research. Biomaterial-based three-dimensional structures have been the most promising material to serve as scaffolds for seeding cells, both in vivo and in vitro. One such material is polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) which are thermoplastic biopolyesters that are highly suitable for this purpose due to their enhanced biocompatibility, biodegradability, thermo-processability, diverse mechanical properties, non-toxicity and natural origin. Moreover, they have tremendous possibilities of customization through biological physical and chemical modification as well as blending with other materials. They are being used for several tissue engineering applications such as bone graft substitute, cardiovascular patches, stents, for nerve repair and in implantology as valves and sutures. The present review overviews usage of a multitude of PHA-based biomaterials for a wide range of tissue engineering applications, based on their properties suitable for the specific applications.

Assessment of Antibacterial Activity of Biosynthesised ZnO Nanoparticles Against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum Causing Bacterial Blight in Cotton.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), is an important fibre and oilseed crop of the world. India in particular has the largest area under cotton cultivation and around 60% proportion in the raw fibre textile industry is contributed by cotton alone. Cotton is affected by many diseases (bacterial blights, fungal leafspots, mildew) and pests (white flies, bollworms, aphids etc.). The bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum is considered as one of the most devastating one that cause huge losses in production every year. Due to systemic spread of this bacterial infection, combating this disease is slightly challenging. Spray of toxic chemicals like endosulfan, streptocycline and dimethoate is a common practice in fields but these chemicals are unable to control the disease spread substantially. Nanotechnology is a newly emerging technology that is being extensively exploited in the agriculture sector these days. Past studies have reported the antimicrobial effect of various metallic nanoparticles including zinc oxide nanoparticles which is known to possess antibacterial potential against both gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria. Based upon this, synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles was carried out using Morus alba plant leaf extract and the nanoparticles were characterised in detail using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy study etc. The zinc oxide nanoparticles were found crystalline in nature and the size ranged between 10-50 nanometers. The efficacy of these nanoparticles was checked against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum under in vitro conditions and found to be very effective in controlling the bacterial spread in comparison to streptomycin that was used as control. Our results suggest that ZnO nanoparticles can be used as an effective antibacterial agent to control bacterial blight disease of cotton.

Isolated Fracture of the Acromion Process: A Case Report.

Fracture of the acromion process is an uncommon injury which is often diagnosed late. Though, usually managed conservatively, the indications for surgery in these fractures are very specific. A 52-year-old active man attended the out-patient department of our hospital following an injury to the right shoulder. An X-ray revealed a Type II, minimally displaced fracture of the base of the acromion process. Conservative management was attempted initially, which was converted to surgical stabilization after six weeks when it was noticed that the fracture had failed to unite and had progressed to become a displaced Type III fracture. Post-operative period was uneventful with a gradual return to the pre-injury level of function of the right shoulder, which was assessed by the Constant Score as well as the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder score. The satisfaction with the final functional outcome was assessed by the UCLA shoulder score. Clinicians must look actively for acromion process fractures in all shoulder injuries. Minimally displaced fractures should be regularly followed up for displacement and sub-acromial space compromise. Although acromion fractures are usually treated conservatively, albeit a higher non-union rate, they should be treated surgically in the event of displacement or sub-acromial space reduction, in order to achieve good functional recovery.

Influence of Periodontal Infection as a Possible Risk Factor for Preterm Low Birth Weight.

BACKGROUND: There is emerging interest and increasing amount of evidence that support the interrelationship between periodontitis and systemic conditions. Epidemiological and microbiological-immunological studies have lent credence to the concept that periodontal disease may be a separate risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and respiratory disease, as well as preterm delivery of low-birth-weight infants. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of periodontal infection as a possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight (LBW) based on age, literacy, and hemoglobin level of mother. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The observational study was conducted on 200 subjects, which were selected from the free labor ward, District Hospital, Saifai, Etawah, UP, India. Periodontal examinations were performed using the World Health Organization criteria. The periodontal status of the mother was recorded using Community Periodontal Index. RESULTS: For this study, chi-square test was performed to know the effect of variables and to find out the statistical significance of the study. Age of mother shows statistical insignificant association with periodontal disease, whereas literacy of mothers showed statistical significant association with periodontal disease, and periodontal status and hemoglobin levels of the mothers also showed a significant association. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of LBW infants was considerably less in mothers with a healthy periodontium and increased with progressive periodontal disease.

Comprehensive Survey on Nanobiomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications.

One of the most important ideas ever produced by the application of materials science to the medical field is the notion of biomaterials. The nanostructured biomaterials play a crucial role in the development of new treatment strategies including not only the replacement of tissues and organs, but also repair and regeneration. They are designed to interact with damaged or injured tissues to induce regeneration, or as a forest for the production of laboratory tissues, so they must be micro-environmentally sensitive. The existing materials have many limitations, including impaired cell attachment, proliferation, and toxicity. Nanotechnology may open new avenues to bone tissue engineering by forming new assemblies similar in size and shape to the existing hierarchical bone structure. Organic and inorganic nanobiomaterials are increasingly used for bone tissue engineering applications because they may allow to overcome some of the current restrictions entailed by bone regeneration methods. This review covers the applications of different organic and inorganic nanobiomaterials in the field of hard tissue engineering.

Strain modulated carrier mobility and optical properties of graphene nanowiggles.

Recently, synthesized Chevron graphene nanoribbons (CGNRs) and its laterally extended counterpart known as extended CGNRs (ECGNR) are constructed by making alternated regular cuts in pristine graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). First-principles calculations demonstrate that these GNRs are super-ductile and possess width-dependent mechanical properties. The Young's modulus is calculated to be 389.4 GPa and 414.6 GPa for CGNR and ECGNR, respectively. The bandgap of these nanoribbons decreases on the application of tensile strain. The carrier effective masses are found to be highly sensitive towards mechanical strains. The holes (electrons) mobility of ECGNR is calculated to be 7.68 × 104 cm2 V-1 s-1 (1.69 × 104 cm2 V-1 s-1), which is higher than that of CGNR can be further enhanced by elongation. The prominent peaks of the imaginary part of dielectric function and electron energy loss spectra show redshift on increasing the tensile strain. The electron energy loss spectra show intense plasmonic structure in low energy spectrum indicating GNRs to be more sensitive to the visible region than ultra violet spectrum. Our results provide insight about the possible applications of GNRs in the fields of high-speed transistors, sensors, photonics, and optoelectronics.

Synthesis of Mesoporous SBA-16 and SBA-16/ZnO2 Nano-Composite Thin Film for Anti-Biofilm Application.

SBA-16 is a mesoporous nanostructure with high surface area and cubic symmetry which make them an ideal carrier to carry different nanoparticles. Zinc peroxide (ZnO2) is a novel nanoparticle that inhibits the growth of microorganisms due to its antiseptic property. Thin film of SBA-16 and SBA-16/ZnO2 was deposited on glass slide by spin coating method. Anti-biofilm property of the thin films was examined against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. Structural property was found out by wide angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) was used to confirmation the presence of ZnO2 in Nano-composite and AFM utilized for surface topography of thin films. Fluorescent microscope image clearly revealed that SBA-16/ZnO2 nanocomposite thin film significantly inhibit the biofilm formation against both E. coli (gram negative bacteria) as well as S. aureus (gram positive bacteria) in comparision to SBA-16. The antimicrobial behavior of ZnO nanoparticle is due to formation of H2O2 as reactive oxygen species (ROS) to which the bacterial cells are permeable. H2O2 is a powerful oxidizing agents that oxidized the mycobacterial elements like DNA and proteins which results into the toxicity of the bacteria cell.

Benign fibrous histiocytoma of the maxilla: A rare case report and literature review.

Benign fibrous histiocytoma (FH) is a benign soft-tissue tumor that can present as a fibrous tissue mass anywhere in the body. The involvement of the paranasal sinuses is extremely rare, and very few cases have been reported in literature till date. We here report a case of benign FH localized in the maxillary sinus. The clinical and histological features of the lesion are discussed with a brief literature review of this pathology in the paranasal sinuses.

In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of thymol loaded bipolymeric (tragacanth gum/chitosan) nanocarrier.

Thymol is a natural bioactive agent which possesses various medicinal properties like antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer etc. and has been widely used in traditional medicine and food industries. It is eco-friendly, cheap, nontoxic and has been granted generally recognized as safe (GRAS) notation by USFDA. Its use is somewhat muted due to drawbacks like lesser bioavailability, comparatively poor solubility and low susceptibility to oxidation. In the present work, nanoformulation of thymol was prepared by ionic complexation of tragacanth gum and chitosan. Chitosan of different concentrations was used to obtain desired particle size and encapsulation efficiency. It was noted that a ratio of 1:2 (tragacanth gum:chitosan) yielded a minimum particle size along with higher encapsulation efficiency. Morphology of these optimized nanoparticles was found to be spherical using TEM. These particles were found in the size range of 150-200 nm. Further comparative study of the prepared nanoformulation and thymol for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy was done using DPPH method and HRBC (Human red blood cell) stabilization method. The results suggested an increase in both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of thymol nanoformulation. This study will open up new avenues for application in the field of food and pharmaceutical industries.

Syzygium cumini Seed Extract Ameliorates Arsenic-Induced Blood Cell Genotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats.

BACKGROUND: Arsenic is a well-documented human carcinogen widely distributed in the environment. Chronic exposure of humans to inorganic arsenicals causes many adverse health effects. The present work was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of Syzygium cumini seed extract (SCE) on arsenic-induced genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into five groups of six animals each. Group 1 served as normal control, Group 2 received SCE, 200 mg/kg daily, and Group 3 received arsenic, 100 ppm in drinking water. Groups 4 and 5 received SCE, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively, daily, simultaneously with 100 ppm arsenic in drinking water. After 60 days, blood samples were collected and comet assay was performed using isolated lymphocytes. Activities of serum marker enzymes were assayed and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were estimated. Serum catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and blood reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured. RESULTS: Exposure to arsenic caused a significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and bilirubin, accompanied by a decrease in total protein levels as well as CAT and SOD activities, and GSH. Enhanced LPO and lymphocyte DNA damage was also observed in arsenic-administered rats. The arsenic-induced toxicity was significantly reversed by the simultaneous administration of SCE at both the lower and higher dosages. CONCLUSION: This investigation offers strong evidence for the hepato-protective and antioxidative effects of SCE against arsenic-induced oxidative stress.

Sodium alginate and gum acacia hydrogels of ZnO nanoparticles show wound healing effect on fibroblast cells.

An ideal biomaterial for wound dressing applications should possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties without any toxicity to the host cells while providing the maximum healing activity. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) possess antimicrobial activity and enhance wound healing, but the questions regarding their safety arise before application to the biological systems. We synthesized ZnONPs-loaded-sodium alginate-gum acacia hydrogels (SAGA-ZnONPs) by cross linking hydroxyl groups of the polymers sodium alginate and gum acacia with the aldehyde group of gluteradehyde. Here, we report the wound healing properties of sodium alginate/gum acacia/ZnONPs, circumventing the toxicity of ZnONPs simultaneously. We demonstrated the concentration-dependent zones of inhibition in treated cultures of Pseudomonas aerigunosa and Bacillus cereus and biocompatability on peripheral blood mononuclear/fibroblast cells. SAGA-ZnONPs hydrogels showed a healing effect at a low concentration of ZnONPs using sheep fibroblast cells. Our findings suggest that high concentrations of ZnONPs were toxic to cells but SAGA-ZnONPs hydrogels significantly reduced the toxicity and preserved the beneficial antibacterial and healing effect.

Ketoconazole encapsulated in chitosan-gellan gum nanocomplexes exhibits prolonged antifungal activity.

The objective of the present study was to prepare ketoconazole loaded chitosan-gellan gum (CSGG) nanoparticles and to evaluate them for antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. Ketoconazole loaded CSGG nanoparticles were prepared by electrostatic complexation technique using chitosan (CS) as cationic polymer and gellan gum (GG) as anionic polymer with ketoconazole as drug. It was observed that the effect of gellan gum on particle size was more pronounced in comparison to chitosan and increase in its concentration resulted in a significant increase in particle size but decrease in zeta potential. Whereas, increase in concentration of chitosan resulted in increase in zeta potential. The particle size and zeta potential of optimal formulation was 155.7±26.1nm and 32.1±2.8mV which obtained at concentration of chitosan (0.02% w/v) and gellan gum (0.01% w/v). On comparative evaluation, ketoconazole loaded CSGG nanoparticles showed significantly higher antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger than dummy CSGG nanoparticles (without drug) and drug individually.

Enhancement of anti-inflammatory activity of glycyrrhizic acid by encapsulation in chitosan-katira gum nanoparticles.

Efforts were made to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of Glycyrrhizic acid, a triterpentine saponin obtained from Glycyrrhiza glabra, having several pharmacological properties, by its encapsulation in biocompatible biopolymeric nanoparticles. Polycationic chitosan and polyanionic gum katira were used to prepare nanoparticles by ionic complexation method. Glycyrrhizic acid was loaded into the nanoparticles and was then examined for change in its in vivo anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced rat hind paw inflammation. The effects of concentrations of glycyrrhizic acid, chitosan and katira gum, upon particle size and encapsulation efficiency of glycyrrhizic acid were studied with the help of response surface methodology employing 3-factor, 3-level central composite experimental design. Particle size and encapsulation efficiency of optimized nanoparticulate formulation were 175.8nm and 84.77%, respectively. Particles were observed in transmission electron microscopy to be spherical in shape and 80nm in size. FTIR analysis indicated electrostatic interactions between carboxyl groups of ammonium glycyrrhizinate and amino groups of chitosan. In vitro drug release studies indicated that glycyrrhizic acid was released from the nanoparticles following zero-order kinetics and that there was a sustained release of the drug with 90.71% of it being released over a 12h period, and that the mechanism of release of glycyrrhizic acid from the nanoparticles was a combination of diffusion and erosion of the polymer matrix. In-vivo anti inflammatory efficacy of glycyrrhizic acid clearly improved upon encapsulation in chitosan-katira gum nanoparticles, by overcoming the limited bioavailability of its other forms.